由于是第一次在Linux部署Python应用，过程中遇到很多坑，也找了很多部署博客的分享。再一次体会到好文章带你上天堂，坏文章带你瞎逼忙的道理。索性就记录这次部署的全过程，供以后参考。
介绍
首先先介绍下各个技术的功能，以及他们组合的大致流程。部署的是一个web应用，从用户打开浏览器访问网页开始，到浏览到网页内容，这个过程就是各个技术实现功能的过程。
整体结构
- 用户浏览器（客户端）打开网页，向服务器发起请求；
- 请求传给Nginx服务器，Nginx将请求发给uWSGI;
- uWSGI服务器发来的请求翻译为应用程序理解的形式，发给应用；
- Flask应用接收请求并处理，将响应结果发给uWSGI；
- uWSGI与Nginx服务器通信，将结果传给他；
- Nginx服务器收到响应结果，将其传给客户端；
- 浏览器显示响应结果，并进行下一个请求。
安装Python环境
阿里云Ubuntu服务器自带的Python2.7和Python3.4，所以尽管我的应用是Python3程序，也不必重新装Python3。
更新apt-get软件源
sudo apt-get update
获取应用源码
由于我的代码放在github仓库，直接通过git来安装。首先安装git：
sudo apt-get install git
安装完成后，在用户目录中新建project目录mkdir project，存放我们的应用程序。不知道是不是在用户目录可以输入指令pwd查看。我们转到project文件夹下，使用git克隆项目源码：
git clone https://github.com/Blackyukun/YuBlog.git
转到项目目录cd YuBlog
安装pip和virtualenv
sudo apt-get install python-pip
sudo apt-get install python-virtualenv
创建虚拟环境
这里需要注意的是，如果直接virtualenv venv命令，创建的将会是Python2的虚拟环境。如果想要创建Python3的环境，需要指定Python3的目录：
virtualenv -p /usr/bin/python3 venv
如果成功，项目目录下会生成一个venv目录，那里就是我们的python3虚拟环境了。接下来激活虚拟环境：
source venv/bin/activate
退出虚拟环境命令是：deactivate
安装依赖包
如果项目实在虚拟环境中完成的，那么通常我们会使用pip freeze >requirements.txt命令列出项目所有依赖。然后当我们安装这些依赖的时候只需要使用命令：
pip install -i http://pypi.douban.com/simple/ -r requirements.txt
如果全部安装完成，那么我们的程序依赖环境全都准备好了。
安装Mysql数据库
我的程序是使用Mysql数据库做存储的，安装它也很简单，但是这里会有一个阿里云服务器的大坑。
sudo apt-get install mysql-server mysql-client
sudo apt-get install libmysqlclient-dev
安装过程中会需要你输入用户以及密码，暂且就使用root和password吧。
sudo netstat -tap | grep mysql命令检查Mysql是否安装成功，如果mysql的socket处于listen状态则表示安装成功。
登录mysql数据库命令：mysql -u root -p这里的root就是之前安装是设置的用户名，接着输入密码password。在Linux上，我们需要修改mysql的默认编码为utf-8，以便正确地处理中文。
这里需要编辑MySQL的配置文件，把数据库默认的编码全部改为UTF-8。MySQL的配置文件默认存放在/etc/my.cnf或者/etc/mysql/my.cnf：
vim /etc/mysql/my.cnf
linux使用的是vim编辑器，不了解vim的可以自行了解。我们按i进去插入模式，将下面的指令粘贴到对应位置：
[client]
default-character-set = utf8
[mysqld]
default-storage-engine = INNODB
character-set-server = utf8
collation-server = utf8_general_ci
把队应指令放在对应地方就好了。配置完成后，在vim编辑器下，按ESC进入普通模式，键入:wq进行保存并退出。show variables like '%char%';指令查看编码是否设置正确。如果看到utf8就表示正确。
接着重启数据库：
service mysql restart
重新登录mysql -u root -p创建我们的数据库，使用：create database mydb;创建名为mydb的库名（注意后面封号）。
中文乱码
这里我们会遇到一个坑，就是在后面程序启动保存数据的时候会出现中文乱码，但是我们明明已经编辑过默认编码了呀。这里我发现是阿里云服务器本身没有安装中文包，我们需要进行安装。
安装中文语言包
sudo apt-get -y install language-pack-zh-hans
修改语言环境设置
echo "LC_ALL=zh_CN.utf8" >> /etc/profile
echo "export LC_ALL" >> /etc/profile
查看语言
source /etc/profile
locale
看到zh_CN.UTF-8就成功了。接着需要重启服务器。
根本原因
虽然中文包安装成功了，但是这样就表示ok了吗？并没有，后来启动中网页中文显示依然乱码。我发现是保存数据库里的数据才会乱码，那么根本原因还是数据库编码问题。
我们需要在创建数据库时要同时定义他的默认编码：
删除数据库：mysql>delete database mydb;
创建数据库：mysql>create database mydb default character set utf8;
安装Nginx服务器
Nginx是一款轻量级的Web服务器/反向代理服务器及电子邮件IMAP/POP3代理服务器。其特点是占有内存少，并发能力强。用于接收HTTP请求并返回响应。安装：
sudo apt-get install nginx
启动：sudo /etc/init.d/nginx start
看到OK表示成功。接着需要配置Nginx。Nginx的配置文件在/etc/nginx/sites-available目录的default文件中，将其删除rm default。新的default创建并打开vim default，在里面写入：
server {
listen 80; # 80端口需要打开
server_name X.X.X.X; #阿里云公网ip
location / {
include uwsgi_params;
uwsgi_pass 127.0.0.1:5000; # 指向uwsgi 所应用的内部地址
uwsgi_param UWSGI_PYHOME /home/root/project/YuBlog/venv; # 虚拟环境目录
uwsgi_param UWSGI_CHDIR /home/root/project/YuBlog; # 应用根目录
uwsgi_param UWSGI_SCRIPT manage:app; # 启动程序
uwsgi_read_timeout 100;
}
}
重启Nginx：sudo service nginx restart
看到OK表示成功。如果失败，可以输入指令sudo nginx -t查找错误，进行处理。
安装uWSGI
uWSGI虽然也可以起到Web服务器的作用，那么为什么有了uWSGI还需要Nginx呢。具体的优势大家自行了解。在Nginx+uWSGI的结构中，它充当中间件的程序，是Web的通信协议。
安装：sudo pip install uwsgi
注意实在虚拟环境。安装成功后需要配置。我们在项目的根目录下也就是/home/root/project/YuBlog下，创建配置文件config.ini，添加内容：
[uwsgi]
master = true
home = venv
wsgi-file = manage.py
callable = app
socket = :5000
processes = 4
threads = 2
配置完成后，就可以启动uWSGI了。但在这之前，我们先启动应用程序，并添加程序必须的环境变量。
添加linux系统环境变量：export CONFIG=production
...
先创建迁移仓库：python manage.py db init
创建迁移脚本，migrate子命令用来自动创建：python manage.py db migrate -m "v1.0"
更新数据库操作：python manage.py db upgrade
创建管理员信息：python manage.py addAdmin
ctrl+c终止程序。
启动uWSGI: uwsgi config.ini
会看到很多信息，只要没有报错，就表明启动成功。
部署成功
如果Nginx和uWSGI全部启动成功，就说明部署已经成功了。打开外部浏览器，访问公网ip地址，就可以看到我们的程序已经跑起来了。
以上是 启动 uwsgi 之后提示的信息，搞了两天了，求大佬帮忙。万分感谢！
你需要看下app目录下是否有
__init__.py文件，没有就需要新建。而且manage.py文件所在目录下不应该有__init__.py文件。jinja2.exceptions.UndefinedError: 'admin' is undefined [pid: 1925|app: 0|req: 1/1] 101.45.58.236 () {50 vars in 1266 bytes} [Mon Nov 19 14:36:07 2018] GET / => generated 0 bytes in 123 msecs (HTTP/1.1 500) 0 headers in 0 bytes (0 switches on core 0)
这个报错是哪里出错了？
在启动程序前，要先在
config.py中配置管理员信息，在创建管理员：python manage.py addAdmin卡在迁移仓库这 (
) (venv) # python manage.py db init /root/project/YuBlog/venv/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/exthook.py:71: ExtDeprecationWarning: Importing flask.ext.cache is deprecated, use flask_cache instead. .format(x=modname), ExtDeprecationWarning Traceback (most recent call last): File "manage.py", line 51, in <module> manager.run() File "/root/project/YuBlog/venv/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask_script/__init__.py", line 412, in run result = self.handle(sys.argv[0], sys.argv[1:]) File "/root/project/YuBlog/venv/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask_script/__init__.py", line 383, in handle res = handle(*args, **config) File "/root/project/YuBlog/venv/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask_script/commands.py", line 216, in __call__ return self.run(*args, **kwargs) File "/root/project/YuBlog/venv/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask_migrate/__init__.py", line 106, in init command.init(config, directory, 'flask') File "/root/project/YuBlog/venv/lib/python3.5/site-packages/alembic/command.py", line 42, in init raise util.CommandError("Directory %s already exists" % directory) alembic.util.exc.CommandError: Directory migrations already exists ()卡在这里 (venv) ➜ YuBlog git:(master) ✗ python manage.py db init /root/project/YuBlog/venv/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/exthook.py:71: ExtDeprecationWarning: Importing flask.ext.cache is deprecated, use flask_cache instead. .format(x=modname), ExtDeprecationWarning Creating directory /root/project/YuBlog/migrations ... done Creating directory /root/project/YuBlog/migrations/versions ... done Generating /root/project/YuBlog/migrations/script.py.mako ... done Generating /root/project/YuBlog/migrations/alembic.ini ... done Generating /root/project/YuBlog/migrations/env.py ... done Generating /root/project/YuBlog/migrations/README ... done Please edit configuration/connection/logging settings in '/root/project/YuBlog/migrations/alembic.ini' before proceeding.
博主，我按照您的方式部署好 flask 程序之后，一段时间内是没有问题的，但是可能过了几个小时或几天后，就会出现一个蓝图下的路由都无法访问的问题，这可能是哪些原因造成的？
你本地测试有问题吗，蓝本有注册到应用程序中去吗
本地是没有任何问题的，蓝本注册了
可以给我看看你的相关代码吗
博主 我按照你的配置方案配置的 出现下面的问题 一直未能解决 ''' Starting uWSGI 1.9.17.1-debian (64bit) on [Tue Jul 31 11:58:20 2018] compiled with version: 4.8.2 on 23 March 2014 17:15:32 os: Linux-4.4.0-93-generic #116~14.04.1-Ubuntu SMP Mon Aug 14 16:07:05 UTC 2017 nodename: iZwz9aivbpv57kb7fcw48kZ machine: x86_64 clock source: unix pcre jit disabled detected number of CPU cores: 1 current working directory: /home/root/project/YuBlog detected binary path: /usr/bin/uwsgi-core uWSGI running as root, you can use --uid/--gid/--chroot options WARNING: you are running uWSGI as root !!! (use the --uid flag) your processes number limit is 3869 your memory page size is 4096 bytes detected max file descriptor number: 65535 lock engine: pthread robust mutexes thunder lock: disabled (you can enable it with --thunder-lock) uwsgi socket 0 bound to TCP address :5000 fd 3 your server socket listen backlog is limited to 100 connections your mercy for graceful operations on workers is 60 seconds mapped 415600 bytes (405 KB) for 8 cores Operational MODE: preforking+threaded no app loaded. going in full dynamic mode uWSGI is running in multiple interpreter mode !!!!!!!!!!!!!! WARNING !!!!!!!!!!!!!! no request plugin is loaded, you will not be able to manage requests. you may need to install the package for your language of choice, or simply load it with --plugin. !!!!!!!!!!! END OF WARNING !!!!!!!!!! spawned uWSGI master process (pid: 2351) spawned uWSGI worker 1 (pid: 2352, cores: 2) spawned uWSGI worker 2 (pid: 2353, cores: 2) spawned uWSGI worker 3 (pid: 2354, cores: 2) spawned uWSGI worker 4 (pid: 2355, cores: 2) :q^H^H^H^CSIGINT/SIGQUIT received...killing workers... worker 1 buried after 1 seconds worker 2 buried after 1 seconds worker 3 buried after 1 seconds worker 4 buried after 1 seconds goodbye to uWSGI.
''' 一直都是这个问题 ''' no app loaded. going in full dynamic mode ''' 求指点 ..
看报错信息，你可以配置plugin = python或者启动uwsgi命令：uwsgi config.ini --plugin python试试
搞了大半天终于搞定了
QAQ~
No
internal routing support, rebuild with pcre support !!! uWSGI running as root, you can use --uid/--gid/--chroot options WARNING: you are running uWSGI as root !!! (use the --uid flag) your processes number limit is 3869 your memory page size is 4096 bytes detected max file descriptor number: 65535 lock engine: pthread robust mutexes thunder lock: disabled (you can enable it with --thunder-lock) uwsgi socket 0 bound to TCP address :5000 fd 3 Python version: 3.4.3 (default, Nov 28 2017, 16:44:58) [GCC 4.8.4] Set PythonHome to venv Python main interpreter initialized at 0xd41800 python threads support enabled your server socket listen backlog is limited to 100 connections your mercy for graceful operations on workers is 60 seconds mapped 415200 bytes (405 KB) for 8 cores Operational MODE: preforking+threaded /home/root/project/YuBlog/venv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/flask/exthook.py:71: ExtDeprecationWarning: Importing flask.ext.cache is deprecated, use flask_cache instead. .format(x=modname), ExtDeprecationWarning WSGI app 0 (mountpoint='') ready in 1 seconds on interpreter 0xd41800 pid: 1314 (default app) uWSGI is running in multiple interpreter mode spawned uWSGI master process (pid: 1314) spawned uWSGI worker 1 (pid: 1318, cores: 2) spawned uWSGI worker 2 (pid: 1319, cores: 2) spawned uWSGI worker 3 (pid: 1320, cores: 2) spawned uWSGI worker 4 (pid: 1321, cores: 2) Traceback (most recent call last): File "/home/root/project/YuBlog/venv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/redis/connection.py", line 484, in connect sock = self._connect() File "/home/root/project/YuBlog/venv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/redis/connection.py", line 541, in _connect raise err File "/home/root/project/YuBlog/venv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/redis/connection.py", line 529, in _connect sock.connect(socket_address) ConnectionRefusedError: [Errno 111] Connection refused
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
Traceback (most recent call last): File "/home/root/project/YuBlog/venv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/redis/client.py", line 667, in execute_command connection.send_command(args) File "/home/root/project/YuBlog/venv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/redis/connection.py", line 610, in send_command self.send_packed_command(self.pack_command(args)) File "/home/root/project/YuBlog/venv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/redis/connection.py", line 585, in send_packed_command self.connect() File "/home/root/project/YuBlog/venv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/redis/connection.py", line 489, in connect raise ConnectionError(self._error_message(e)) redis.exceptions.ConnectionError: Error 111 connecting to 127.0.0.1:6379. Connection refused.
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
Traceback (most recent call last): File "/home/root/project/YuBlog/venv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/redis/connection.py", line 484, in connect sock = self._connect() File "/home/root/project/YuBlog/venv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/redis/connection.py", line 541, in _connect raise err File "/home/root/project/YuBlog/venv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/redis/connection.py", line 529, in _connect sock.connect(socket_address) ConnectionRefusedError: [Errno 111] Connection refused
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
Traceback (most recent call last): File "/home/root/project/YuBlog/venv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/flask/app.py", line 2000, in call return self.wsgi_app(environ, start_response) File "/home/root/project/YuBlog/venv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/flask/app.py", line 1991, in wsgi_app response = self.make_response(self.handle_exception(e)) File "/home/root/project/YuBlog/venv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/flask/app.py", line 1567, in handle_exception reraise(exc_type, exc_value, tb) File "/home/root/project/YuBlog/venv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/flask/_compat.py", line 33, in reraise raise value File "/home/root/project/YuBlog/venv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/flask/app.py", line 1988, in wsgi_app response = self.full_dispatch_request() File "/home/root/project/YuBlog/venv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/flask/app.py", line 1641, in full_dispatch_request rv = self.handle_user_exception(e) File "/home/root/project/YuBlog/venv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/flask/app.py", line 1544, in handle_user_exception reraise(exc_type, exc_value, tb) File "/home/root/project/YuBlog/venv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/flask/_compat.py", line 33, in reraise raise value File "/home/root/project/YuBlog/venv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/flask/app.py", line 1639, in full_dispatch_request rv = self.dispatch_request() File "/home/root/project/YuBlog/venv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/flask/app.py", line 1625, in dispatch_request return self.view_functionsrule.endpoint File "./app/main/views.py", line 93, in index post = get_post_cache(cache_key) File "./app/main/views.py", line 13, in get_post_cache data = cache.get(key) File "/home/root/project/YuBlog/venv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/flask_cache/init.py", line 196, in get return self.cache.get(args, kwargs) File "/home/root/project/YuBlog/venv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/werkzeug/contrib/cache.py", line 598, in get return self.load_object(self._client.get(self.key_prefix + key)) File "/home/root/project/YuBlog/venv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/redis/client.py", line 976, in get return self.execute_command('GET', name) File "/home/root/project/YuBlog/venv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/redis/client.py", line 673, in execute_command connection.send_command(args) File "/home/root/project/YuBlog/venv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/redis/connection.py", line 610, in send_command self.send_packed_command(self.pack_command(*args)) File "/home/root/project/YuBlog/venv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/redis/connection.py", line 585, in send_packed_command self.connect() File "/home/root/project/YuBlog/venv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/redis/connection.py", line 489, in connect raise ConnectionError(self._error_message(e)) redis.exceptions.ConnectionError: Error 111 connecting to 127.0.0.1:6379. Connection refused. [pid: 1321|app: 0|req: 1/1] 113.220.152.46 () {48 vars in 816 bytes} [Thu Aug 2 08:52:58 2018] GET / => generated 0 bytes in 68 msecs (HTTP/1.1 500) 0 headers in 0 bytes (0 switches on core 0)`
阿里云打开了6379端口
sudo apt-get install redis-server安装了redis-server刚刚的问题已解决真心体会到了好文章带你上天堂，坏文章害你瞎笔忙。。。。。。。。
spawned uWSGI master process (pid: 1821) spawned uWSGI worker 1 (pid: 1825, cores: 1) Stats server enabled on 127.0.0.1:9191 fd: 10 SystemError: ../Objects/listobject.c:245: bad argument to internal function Traceback (most recent call last): File "/home/ubuntu/project/YuBlog/manage.py", line 9, in
app = create_app(os.getenv('CONFIG') or 'default')
File "./app/init.py", line 30, in create_app
cache.init_app(app)
File "/home/ubuntu/project/YuBlog/venv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/flask_cache/init.py", line 156, in init_app
from .jinja2ext import CacheExtension, JINJA_CACHE_ATTR_NAME
File "/home/ubuntu/project/YuBlog/venv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/flask_cache/jinja2ext.py", line 33, in
from flask.ext.cache import make_template_fragment_key
ImportError: No module named 'flask.ext'
unable to load app 0 (mountpoint='') (callable not found or import error)
--- no python application found, check your startup logs for errors ---
[pid: 1825|app: -1|req: -1/1] 117.32.216.122 () {50 vars in 856 bytes} [Sat Jun 23 17:06:30 2018] GET / => generated 21 bytes in 10 msecs (HTTP/1.1 500) 1 headers in 57 bytes (0 switches on core 0)
非常棒的网站，very good.学习了。